LADM_CP_Malaysia_An LADM-based Approach for Developing and Implementing a National 3D Cadastre – A Case Study of Malaysia
Abbas RAJABIFARD, Muyiwa AGUNBIADE, Mohsen KALANTARI, Kit Meng YIP, Behnam ATAZADEH, Farshad BADIEE, Dato’ Mohd Noor Bin ISA, Mohamad Kamali Bin ADIMIN, Keat Lim CHAN, Ali AIEN, Hamed OLFAT, Davood SHOJAEI, Mohsen Rahimipour ANARAKI
With the growing dominance of multi-storey buildings and other infrastructures, 2D-based cadastral systems are facing new challenges in recording, managing and visualising the spatial extent of vertically stratified cadastral spaces. In Malaysia, surveying and cadastral measurements are currently stored in the National Digital Cadastral Data Base (NDCDB), which is a 2D-based database in the form of planimetric coordinates (X, Y). However, in reality, cadastral objects are three dimensional and 2D-based approaches provide a fragmented view of these 3D spatial objects. Another challenge is that multiple pages of 2D drawings, which are used to show all the spaces of multi-storey buildings and surroundings, imposes a significant amount of cognitive effort for inexpert stakeholders who cannot easily understand the accurate location of cadastral boundaries obscured within physical structures. Therefore, the methods of data collection, calculation and adjustment of existing survey and processing data needs to be upgraded for the purposes of implementing 3D cadastral database and producing 3D digital certified plans. The international land administration domain model (LADM) standard provides a formal conceptual model for recording and managing land administration data. It provides an extensible basis for the development and refinement of efficient and effective land administration systems, based on a Model Driven Architecture (MDA), and enables involved parties, both within one country and between different countries, to communicate, based on the shared vocabulary (that is, an ontology), implied by the model. The latter is required for the sharing and exchange of data. There have been several research and development activities in the past to model 3D cadastre in Malaysia. However, these investigations mainly remain at the theoretical level and yet to be implemented in the real context of Malaysian jurisdiction. Therefore, the motivation for this paper is to discuss the current initiative of Malaysian government to discuss the practical pathway towards realising an LADM-based 3D cadastral system in alignment with jurisdictional settings of Malaysia. It focuses on data migration from existing database to open source data base and the application modules for implementation of 3D cadastral system and 3D cadastral database by using open source platform. In developing the prototype system, the project investigates how the current 2D NDCDB should be upgraded to 3D and how the current workflows and associated data to be modified to support the realization of the 3D cadastral system. In doing so, this paper aims to document the requirements of – Malaysian mapping agency –The Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM) and its stakeholders for the process of upgrade. The methodology for the documentation includes reviewing JUPEM documents and workflow, review of online resources, visit to JUPEM and interview with experts in JUPEM. The paper proposes strategies for the implementation of 3D-NCDB, which includes the processes for upgrading the existing dataset and data collection methods to support the 3D digital data and the creation of 3D spatial database based on the elicited user requirements. The adopted approach will support the integration of complementary modules, especially for 3D spatial data input, 3D adjustment and validation of 3D spatial data. The implementation of 3D-NDCBD is an initial step to develop 3D Kadaster System that includes the upgrade of the hardware, software and application modules to support 3D data. The major motivation of this upgrade is to introduce an open-source 3D database, which is LADM compliant, to address issues with regards to the existing eKadastre project in Malaysia.
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